Unit I
SELF-AWARENESS(WHO) & POSITIVE THINKING(UNICEF)
Unit II
EMPATHY
Unit III
CRITICAL & CREATIVE THINKING
Unit IV
Part of Speech
4.1 Articles
4.2 Noun
4.3 Pronoun
4.4 Verb
4.5 Adverb
4.6 Adjective
4.7 Preposition
Unit V
Paragraph and Essay Writing
5.1 Descriptive
5.2 Expository
5.3 Persuasive
5.4 Narrative
Reading Comprehension
Unit I
Atomic structure and Periodic trends
Moseley’s Experiment and Atomic number, Atomic Spectra; Black-Body Radiation and Planck’s quantum theory – Bohr’s model of atom; The FranckHertz Experiment; Interpretation of H- spectrum; Photoelectric effect, Compton effect; Dual nature of Matter- De- Broglie wavelength-Davisson and Germer experiment Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle; Electronic Configuration of Atoms and ions- Hund’s rule, Pauli’exclusion principle and Aufbau principle
Unit II
Introduction to Quantum mechanics
Classical mechanics, Wave mechanical model of atom, distinction between a Bohr orbit and orbital; Postulates of quantum mechanics; interpretation of wave functions, Formulation of Schrodinger wave equation – Probability and electron density-visualizing the orbitals -Probability density and significance of Ψ andΨ2.
Modern Periodic Table
Cause of periodicity; Features of the periodic table; classification of elements – Periodic trends for atomic size- Atomic radii, Ionic and Covalent radii; ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity- electronegativity scales, applications of electronegativity.
Unit III
Structure and bonding – I
Ionic bond
Lewis dot structure of ionic compounds; properties of ionic compounds; Energy involved in ionic compounds; Born Haber cycle – lattice energies, Madelung constant; relative effect of lattice energy and solvation energy; Ion polarisation – polarising power and polarizability; Fajans’ rules – effects of polarisation on properties of compounds; problems involving the core concepts.
Covalent bond
Shapes of orbitals, overlap of orbitals – σ and Π bonds; directed valency -hybridization; VSEPR theory – shapes of molecules of the type AB2, AB3, AB4, AB5, AB6 and AB7
Unit IV
Structure and bonding – I I
VB theory – application to hydrogen molecule; concept of resonance – resonance structures of some inorganic species – CO2, NO2, CO32-, NO3 – ; limitations of VBT; MO theory – bonding, antibonding and nonbonding 2- orbitals, bond order; MO diagrams of H2, C2, O2, O2+ , O2-, O2 N2, NO, HF, CO; magnetic characteristics, comparison of VB and MO theories.
Coordinate bond: Definition, Formation of BF3, NH3, NH4+ , H3O+ properties
Metallic bond-electron sea model, VB model; Band theory-mechanism of conduction in solids; conductors, insulator, semiconductor – types, applications of semiconductors
Unit V
Basic concepts in Organic Chemistry and Electronic effects
Types of bond cleavage – heterolytic and homolytic; arrow pushing in organic reactions; reagents and substrates; types of reagents – electrophiles, nucleophiles, free radicals; reaction intermediates – carbanions, carbocations, carbenes, arynes andnitrynes.
Inductive effect – reactivity of alkyl halides, acidity of halo acids, basicity of amines; inductomeric and electromeric effects.
Resonance – resonance energy, conditions for resonance – acidity of phenols,
Basicity of aromatic amines, stability of carbonium ions, carbanions and free radicals, reactivity of vinyl chloride, dipole moment of vinyl chloride and nitrobenzene, bond lengths; steric inhibition to resonance.
Hyperconjugation – stability of alkenes, bond length, orienting effect of methyl group, dipole moment of aldehydes and nitromethane
Types of organic reactions- addition, substitution, elimination and rearrangements
Unit I
Chemical Laboratory Safety in Academic Institutions
Introduction – importance of safety education for students, common laboratory hazards, assessment and minimization of the risk of the hazards, prepare for emergencies from uncontrolled hazards; concept of MSDS; importance and care of PPE; proper use and operation of chemical hoods and ventilation system; fire extinguishers-types and uses of fire extinguishers, demonstration of operation; chemical waste and safe disposal.
Common Apparatus Used in Quantitative Estimation (Volumetric)
Description and use of burette, pipette, standard flask, measuring cylinder, conical flask, beaker, funnel, dropper, clamp, stand, wash bottle, watch glass, wire gauze and tripod stand.
Principle of Quantitative Estimation (Volumetric)
Equivalent weight of an acid, base, salt, reducing agent, oxidizing agent; concept of mole, molality, molarity, normality; primary and secondary standards, preparation of standard solutions; theories of acid-base, redox, complexometric, iodimetric and iodometric titrations; indicators – types, theory of acid–base, redox, metal ion and adsorption indicators, choice of indicators
Unit II
Quantitative Estimation (Volumetric) : Preparation of standard solution, dilution from stock solution
Permanganometry : Estimation of oxalic acid using standard oxalic acid
Dichrometry : Estimation of ferric alum using standard dichromate (external indicator)
Iodometry : Estimation of copper in copper sulphate using standard dichromate
Argentimetry : Estimation of chloride in barium chloride using standard sodium chloride/
Unit III
Complexometry : Estimation of hardness of water using EDTA
Estimations : Estimation of ascorbic acid.
Preparation of Inorganic compounds: a.Tetraammine copper (II) sulphate
b. Hexamminecobalt (III) chloride c. Mohr’s Salt
Unit I
Summation of series: Binomial series -Exponential series – Logarithmic series -Simple Problems.
Unit II
Matrices: Symmetric– Skew-Symmetric–Hermitian– SkewHermitian –Orthogonal and Unitary matrices– Cayley-Hamilton theorem (without proof) – Verification- Computation of inverse of matrix using Cayley – Hamilton theorem
Unit III
Numerical Methods: Newton’s method to find a root approximately. Finite Differences: Interpolation: Operators,∆, ∇, E, E –1 difference tables.
Interpolation formulae: Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formulae for equal intervals, Lagrange’s interpolation formula
Unit IV
Trigonometry: Expansions of sinn θ, cosn θ in a series of powers of sinθ and cosθ – Expansions of sin(nθ) and cos(nθ) in a series sines and cosines of multiples of “θ” – Expansions of sinθ, cosθ and tanθ in a series of powers of “θ” – Hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions .
Unit V
Differential Calculus: Successive differentiation, n th derivatives, Leibnitz theorem (without proof) and applications, Jacobians, maxima and minima of functions of two variables- Simple problems
Unit I
Food Adulteration
Sources of food, types, advantages and disadvantages. Food adulteration – contamination of wheat, rice, milk, butter etc. with clay stones, water and toxic chemicals Common adulterants, Ghee adulterants and their detection. Detection of adulterated foods by simple analytical techniques.
Unit II
Food Poison
Food poisons – natural poisons (alkaloids – nephrotoxin) – pesticides, (DDT, BHC, Malathion) -Chemical poisons – First aid for poison consumed victims.
Unit III
Food Additives
Food additives -artificial sweeteners – Saccharin – Cyclomate a n d Aspartate Food flavours -esters, aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds – Food colours – Emulsifying agents – preservatives -leveling agents. Baking powder – yeast – tastemakers – MSG – vinegar.
Unit IV
Beverages
Beverages-softdrinks-soda-fruitjuices-alcoholicbeverages-examples. Carbonation-addictionto alcohol– diseases of liver and social problems.
Unit V
Edible Oils
Fats and oils – Sources of oils – production of refined vegetable oils – preservation. Saturated and unsaturated fats – iodine value – role of MUFA and PUFA in preventing heart diseases-determination of iodine value, RM value, saponification values and their significance.
Unit I
General survey of chemicals used in everyday life. Air – components and their importance; photosynthetic reaction, air pollution, green – house effect and the impact on our life style. Water – Sources of water, qualities of potable water, soft and hard water, methods of removal of hardness-water pollution
Unit II
Building materials – cement, ceramics, glass and refractories – definition, composition and application only. Plastics – polythene, PVC, Bakelite, polyesters, melamine-formaldehyde resins -preparation and uses only.
Unit III
Food and Nutrition – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats – definition and their importance as food constituents – balanced diet – Calories minerals and vitamins (sources and their physiological importance). Cosmetics – toothpaste, face powder, soaps and detergents, shampoos, nail polish, perfumes – general formulation and preparations – possible hazards of cosmetic use.
Unit IV
Chemicals in food production – fertilizers – need, natural sources; urea, NPK fertilizers and super phosphate. Fuel – classification – solid, liquid and gaseous; nuclear fuel examples and uses
Unit V
Pharmaceutical drugs – analgesics and antipyretics – paracetamol and aspirin. Colour chemicals – pigments and dyes – examples and applications. Explosives – classification and examples.
A toggle box content area
Unit I
RESILIENCE
Unit II
DECISION MAKING
Unit III
PROBLEM SOLVING
Unit IV
Tenses
4.1 Present
4.2 Past
4.3 Future
4.4 Concord
Unit V
English in the Workplace
5.1 E-mail – Invitation, Enquiry, Seeking
Clarification
5.2 Circular
5.3 Memo
5.4 Minutes of the Meeting
Unit I
Acids, bases, and Ionic equilibria
Concepts of Acids and Bases – Arrhenius concept, Bronsted-Lowry concept, Lewis concept; Relative strengths of acids, bases and dissociation constant; dissociation of poly basic acids, ionic product of water, pH scale, pH of solutions; Degree of dissociation, common ion effect, factors affecting degree of dissociation; acid base indicators, theory of acid base indicators – action of phenolphthalein and methyl orange, titration curves – use of acid base indicators;
Buffer solutions – types, mechanism of buffer action in acid and basic buffer, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation;
Solubility product – determination and applications.
Unit II
Chemistry of s – Block Elements
Hydrogen: Position of hydrogen in the periodic table. Alkali metals: Comparative study of the elements with respect to oxides, hydroxides, halides, carbonates, and bicarbonates. Diagonal relationship of Li with Mg. Preparation, properties and uses of NaOH, Na2CO3, KBr, KClO3 alkaline earth metals. Anomalous behavior ofBe.
Chemistry of p- Block Elements (Group 13 & 14)
preparation and structure of diborane and borazine. Chemistry of borax. Extraction of Al and its uses. Alloys of Al. comparison of carbon with silicon. Carbon-di-sulphide– Preparation, properties, structure and uses. Percarbonates, per monocarbonates and per dicarbonates
Unit III
Chemistry of p- Block Elements (Group 15-18)
General characteristics of elements of Group 15; chemistry of H2N-NH2, NH2OH, HN3 and HNO3. Chemistry of PH3, PCl3, PCl5, POCl3, P2O5 and oxyacids of phosphorous (H3PO3 and H3PO4). General properties of elements of group16 – Structure and allotropy of elements – chemistry of ozone – Classification and properties of oxides – oxides of sulphurandselenium Oxyacidsofsulphur(Caro’sandMarshall’sacids). Chemistry of Halogens: General characteristics of halogen with reference to electro-negativity, electron affinity, oxidation states and oxidizing power. Peculiarities of fluorine. Halogen acids (HF, HCl, HBr and HI), oxides and oxy acids (HClO4). Inter-halogen compounds (ICl, ClF3, BrF5 and IF7), pseudo halogens [(CN)2 and (SCN)2] and basic nature ofIodine. Noble gases: Position in the periodic table. Preparation, properties and structure of XeF2, XeF4, XeF6 and XeOF4; uses of noble gases – clathrate
compounds.
Unit IV
Hydrocarbon Chemistry-I
Petro products: Fractional distillation of petroleum; cracking, isomerisation, alkylation, reforming and uses
Alkenes-Nomenclature, general methods of preparation – Mechanism of - elimination reactions – E1 and E2 mechanism – factors influencing – stereochemistry – orientation –Hofmann and Saytzeff rules. Reactions of alkenes – addition reactions – mechanisms – Markownikoff’s rule, Kharasch effect, oxidation reactions – hydroxylation, oxidative degradation, epoxidation, ozonolysis;polymerization.
Alkadienes: Nomenclature – classification – isolated, conjugated and cumulated dienes; stability of conjugated dienes; mechanism of electrophilic addition to conjugated dienes – 1, 2 and 1, 4 additions; free radical addition to conjugated dienes– Diels–Alder reactions – polymerisation – polybutadiene, polyisoprene (natural rubber), vulcanisation,polychloroprene.
Alkynes: Nomenclature; general methods of preparation, properties and reactions; acidic nature of terminal alkynes and acetylene, polymerisation and isomerisation.
Cycloalkanes: Nomenclature, Relative stability of cycloalkanes, Bayer’s strain theory and its limitations. Conformational analysis of cyclohexane, mono and di substituted cyclohexanes. Geometrical isomerism in cyclohexanes.
Unit V
Hydrocarbon Chemistry – II – Benzene
Source, structure of benzene, stability of benzene ring, molecular orbital picture of benzene, aromaticity, Huckel’s (4n+2) rule and its applications. Electrophilic substitution reactions – General mechanism of aromatic electrophilic substitution – nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Craft’s alkylation and acylation. Mono substituted and disubstituted benzene – Effect of substituent – orientation and reactivity.
Polynuclear Aromatic hydrocarbons
Naphthalene – nomenclature, Haworth synthesis; physical properties, reactions – electrophilic substitution reaction, nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel – Crafts acylation & alkylation, preferential substitution at – position – reduction, oxidation – uses. Anthracene – synthesis by Elbs reaction, Diels – Alder reaction and Haworth synthesis; physical properties; reactions – Diels-Alder reaction.
Unit I
Safety rules, symbols and first-aid in chemistry laboratory Basic ideas about Bunsen burner, its operation and parts of the flame. Chemistry laboratory glassware –basis information and uses
Unit II
Qualitative Organic Analysis
Preliminary examination, detection of special elements – nitrogen, sulphur and halogens
Aromatic and aliphatic nature, Test for saturation and unsaturation,
identification of functional groups using solubilitytests
Confirmation of functional groups
monocarboxylic acid, dicarboxylicacid
monohydric phenol, polyhydricphenol
aldehyde ,carbohydrate (reducing and non-reducingsugars)
primaryamine
diamide
nitrocompound
Unit III
Preparation of Organic Compounds:
i. Nitration – picric acid from Phenol
ii. Halogenation – p-bromo acetanilide from acetanilide
iii. Oxidation – benzoic acid from Benzaldehyde
iv.Methyl benzoate to Benzoic acid
v. Hydrolysis of benzamide to Benzoic acid
Unit I
Integral calculus: Bernouli’s Formula, Reduction Formula 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃, 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃, 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 – Simple Problems.
Unit II
Fourier Series: Fourier series for functions (0, 2π ), (−π ,π )
Unit III
Differential Equations: Ordinary Differential Equations: second order non- homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients of the form ay” +by’+ cy = X where X is of the form cos and sin – Related problems only. Partial Differential Equations: Formation, complete integrals and general integrals, fourstandard types and solving Lagrange’s linear
equation P p +Q q= R
Unit IV
Laplace Transforms: Laplace transformations of standard functions and simple properties, inverseLaplace transforms.
Unit V
Vector Differentiation: Introduction, Scalar point functions, Vector point functions, vector differential operator Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Solenoidal, irrotational, identities.
Unit I
Composition of Milk
Milk-definition-general composition of milk- constituents of milk – lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals – physical properties of milk – colour, odour, acidity, specific gravity, viscosity and conductivity -Factors affecting the composition of milk – adulterants, preservatives with neutralizerexamples and their detection- estimation of fat, acidity and total solids in milk.
Unit II
Processing of Milk
Microbiology of milk – destruction of micro – organisms in milk, physico – chemical changes taking place in milk due to processing – boiling, pasteurization – types of pasteurization -Bottle, Batch and HTST (High Temperature Short Time) – Vacuum pasteurization – Ultra High Temperature Pasteurization.
Unit III
Major Milk Products
Cream – definition – composition – chemistry of creaming process – gravitational and centrifugal methods of separation of cream – estimation of fat in cream. Butter – definition -composition – theory of churning – desi butter – salted butter, estimation of acidity and moisture content in butter. Ghee – major constituentscommonadulterantsaddedtogheeandtheirdetection-rancidity – definition – prevention – antioxidants and synergists – natural and synthetic.
Unit IV
Special Milk
Standardized milk – definition – merits – reconstituted milk – definition – flow diagram of manufacture – Homogenised milk – flavoured milk – vitaminised milk – toned milk -Incitation milk – Vegetable toned milk – humanized milk – condensed milk – definition, composition and nutritive value
Unit V
Fermented and other Milk Products
Fermented milk products – fermentation of milk – definition, conditions, cultured milk – definition of culture – example, conditions – cultured cream, butter milk – Ice cream – definition- percentage composition-types-ingredients-manufacture of ice–cream, stabilizers-emulsifiers and their role-milk powder-definition-need for making milk powder- drying process-types of drying.
Unit I
Care
Nutrition of the skin, skin care and cleansing of the skin; face powder – ingredients; creams and lotions – cleansing, moisturizing all purpose, shaving and sunscreen (formulation only); Gels – formulation and advantages; astringent and skin tonics – key ingredients, skin lightness,depilatories
Unit II
Care
Shampoos – types – powder, cream, liquid, gel – ingredients; conditioner – types –ingredients Dental care Tooth pastes – ingredients – mouth wash
Unit III
Make up:
Base – foundation – types – ingredients; lipstick, eyeliner, mascara, eye shadow, concealers, rouge
Unit IV
Perfumes
Classification – Natural – plant origin – parts of the plant used, chief constituents; animal origin – amber gries from whale, civetone from civet cat, musk from muskdeer; synthetic–classification emphasizing characteristics–esters – alcohols – aldehydes – ketones
Unit V
Beauty treatments
Facials – types – advantages – disadvantages; face masks – types; bleach – types–advantages–disadvantages; shaping the brows; eyelash tinting; perming –types; hair colouring and dyeing; permanent waving–hair straightening; wax – types – waxing; pedicure, manicure – advantages –disadvantages
Unit I
ACTIVE LISTENING
Unit II
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Unit III
COPING WITH STRESS
Unit IV
Grammar
4.1 Phrasal Verbs & Idioms
4.2 Modals and Auxiliaries
4.3 Verb Phrases – Gerund, Participle, Infinitive
Unit V
Composition/ Writing Skills
5.1 Official Correspondence – Leave Letter , Letter of Application, Permission Letter
5.2 Drafting Invitations
5.3 Brochures for Programmes and Events
Unit I
Gaseous state
Kinetic molecular model of a gas: postulates and derivation from the kinetic gas equation; The Maxwell –Boltzmann distribution of speed of moleculesaverage, root mean square and most probable velocity and average kinetic energy, law of equipartition of energy, degrees of freedom and molecular basis of heat capacities. Collision frequency; collision diameter; mean free path and viscosity of gases.
Real gases: Deviations from ideal gas behavior, (Andrew’s and Amagat’s plots); compressibility factor, Z, and its variation with pressure for different gases. equations of states for real gases-van der Waal’s equation; Virial equation; Boyle temperature; Numerical problems based on equations of states for real gases, isotherms of real gases–critical phenomena–isotherms of CO2- continuity of state–Van der Waal’s equation and the critical state; law of corresponding states-liquefaction of gases.
Unit II
Liquid and Solid State
Properties of Liquids- Surface tension, viscosity and their applications. Crystalline and amorphous – differences – geometry, isotropy and anisotropy, melting point; isomorphism, polymorphism.
Crystals –size and shape; laws of crystallography; symmetry elements – plane, Centre and axis; Miller indices, unit cells and space lattices; classification of crystal systems; Bravais lattices; X – ray diffraction – Bragg’s equation
Packing in atomic solids – simple cubic, body centered cubic, face centered and hexagonal close packing; Co-ordination number in typical structures – NaCl, CsCl, ZnS, TiO2; Defects in solids – stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects.
Unit III
Nuclear Chemistry
Natural radioactivity – , and rays; half-life period; Fajan–Soddy group displacement law; Geiger–Nattal rule; isotopes, isobars, isotones, mirror nuclei, isodiaphers; nuclear isomerism; radioactive decay series; magic numbers; units – Curie, Rutherford, Roentgen; nuclear stability –
neutron- proton ratio; binding energy; packing fraction; mass defect. Simple calculations involving mass defect and B.E., decay constant and t1/2 and radioactive series.
Isotopes – uses – tracers – determination of age of rocks by radiocarbon dating. (Problems to be worked out)
Nuclear energy; nuclear fission and fusion – major nuclear reactors in
Unit IV
Halogen derivatives, Aliphatic halogen derivatives
Nomenclature and classes of alkyl halides – isomerism, physical properties, Chemical reactions. Nucleophilic substitution reactions – SN1, SN2 and SNimechanisms with stereo chemical aspects and effect of solvent.
Di, Tri & Tetra Halogen derivatives: Nomenclature, classification, preparation, properties and applications.
Aromatic halogen compounds
Nomenclature, preparation, properties and uses Mechanism of nucleophilic aromatic substitution – benzyne intermediate.
Aryl alkyl halides
Nomenclature, benzyl chloride – preparation – preparation properties and uses
Alcohols: Nomenclature, classification, preparation, properties, use; conversions – ascent and descent of series; test for hydroxyl groups. Oxidation of diols by periodic acid and lead tetra acetate.
Unit V
Phenols
Nomenclature; classification, Preparation from diazonium salts, cumene, Dow’s process, Raschig process; properties – acidic character and effect of substitution on acidity. Reactions – Fries, Claisen rearrangement, Electrophilic substitution reactions, Reimer Tiemann, Kolbe, Schmidt,
Gattermann synthesis, Liebermann, nitro reaction, phthalein reaction. Resorcinol, quinol, picric acid – preparation, properties and uses.
Aromatic alcohols
Nomenclature, benzyl alcohol – methods of preparation – hydrolysis, reduction of benzaldehyde, Cannizzaro reaction, Grignard synthesis, physical properties, reactions – reaction with sodium, phosphorus pentachloride, thionyl chloride, acetic anhydride, hydrogen iodide, oxidation – substitution on the benzene nucleus, uses.
Thiols: Nomenclature, structure, preparation and properties.
Course Outline
Semi – Micro Qualitative Analysis
1. Analysis of simple acid radicals: Carbonate, sulphide, sulphate, thiosulphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate
2. Analysis of interfering acid radicals: Fluoride, oxalate, borate, phosphate, arsenate
3. Elimination of interfering acid radicals and identifying the group of basic radicals
4. Analysis of basic radicals (group wise): Lead, copper, bismuth, cadmium, tin, antimony, iron, aluminium, arsenic, zinc, manganese, nickel, cobalt, calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium, ammonium
5. Analysis of a mixture – I to VIII containing two cations and two anions (of which one is interfering type)
Unit I
WAVES, OSCILLATIONS AND ULTRASONICS: simple harmonic motion (SHM) – composition of two SHMs at right angles (periods in the ratio 1:1) – Lissajous figures – uses – laws of transverse vibrations of strings – determination of AC frequency using sonometer (steel and brass wires) – ultrasound – production – piezoelectric method – application of ultrasonics: medical field – lithotripsy, ultrasonography –ultrasonoimaging- ultrasonics in dentistry – physiotheraphy, opthalmology – advantages of noninvasive surgery – ultrasonics in green chemistry.
Unit II
PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Elasticity: elastic constants – bending of beam – theory of non- uniform bending – determination of Young’s modulus by non-uniform bending – energy stored in a stretched wire – torsion of a wire – determination of rigidity modulus by torsional
pendulum
Viscosity: streamline and turbulent motion – critical velocity – coefficient of viscosity – Poiseuille’s formula – comparison of viscosities – burette method,
Surface tension: definition – molecular theory – droplets formation – shape, size and lifetime – COVID transmission through droplets, saliva – drop weight method – interfacial surface tension
Unit III
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS: Joule-Kelvin effect – JouleThomson porous plug experiment – theory – temperature of inversion – liquefaction of Oxygen– Linde’s process of liquefaction of air– liquid. Oxygen for medical purpose– importance of cryocooler thermodynamic system – thermodynamic equilibrium – laws of thermodynamics – heat engine – Carnot’s cycle – efficiency – entropy – change of entropy in reversible and irreversible process.
Unit IV
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM: potentiometer – principle – measurement of thermo emf using potentiometer –magnetic field due to a current carrying conductor – Biot-Savart’s law – field along the axis of the coil carrying current – peak, average and RMS values of ac current and voltage – power factor and current values in an AC circuit – – types of switches in household and factories– Smart wifi switchesfuses and circuit breakers in houses
Unit V
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND DIGITAL INDIA: logic gates, OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR , EXOR logic gates – universal building blocks – Boolean algebra – De Morgan’s theorem –
verification – overview of Government initiatives: software technological parks under MeitY, NIELIT- semiconductor laboratories under Dept. of Space – an introduction to Digital India
Unit I
Food Chemistry
Food adulteration-contamination of food items with clay stones, water and toxic chemicals -Common adulterants. Food additives, Natural and synthetic anti-oxidants, glazing agents
(hazardous effect), food colorants, Preservatives, leavening agents, baking powder and baking soda, yeast, MSG, vinegar.
Dyes
Classification – Natural, synthetic dyes and their characteristics – basic methods and principles of dyeing
Unit II
Hands on Experience (Students can choose any four)
Detection of adulterants in food items like coffee, tea, pepper, chillipowder, turmeric powder, butter, ghee, milk, honey etc., by simple techniques.
Preparation of Jam, squash and Jelly, Gulkand, cottage cheese.
Preparation of products like candles, soap, detergents, cleaning powder, shampoos, pain balm, tooth paste/powder and disinfectants in small scale.
Extraction of oils from spices and flowers. Testing of water samples using testing kit.
Dyeing – cotton fabrics with natural and synthetic dyes
Printing – tie and dye, batik.
Unit I
Introduction to Environmental Studies
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies;
Scope and importance; concept of sustainability and sustainable development.
Unit II
Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem? Structure and function of ecosystem; Energy flow in an
ecosystem:
Food chains, food webs and ecological succession, Case studies of the following
ecosystem:
a) Forest ecosystem
b) Grassland ecosystem
c) Desert ecosystem
d) Aquatic ecosystem (ponds, stream, lakes, rivers, ocean, estuaries)
Unit III
Natural Resources : Renewable and Non – renewable Resources
Land resources and land use change: Land degradation, soil erosion and desertification.
Deforestation : Causes and impacts due to mining, dam building on environment,
forests, biodiversity and tribal populations.
Water : Use and over – exploitation of surface and ground water, floods, droughts,
conflicts over water ( international and inter-state).
Energy resources : Renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate
energy sources, growing energy needs, case studies.
Unit IV
Biodiversity and Conservation
Levels of biological diversity: genetics, species and ecosystem diversity,
Biogeographic zones of India: Biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hot spots
India as a mega- biodiversity nation, Endangered and endemic species of India.
Threats to biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man- wildlife conflicts,
biological invasions; Conservations of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation
of biodiversity.
Ecosystem and biodiversity services: Ecological, economic, social, ethical, aesthetic
and Informational value.
Unit V
Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution: types, causes, effects and controls: Air, Water, soil and noise
Pollution.
Nuclear hazards and human health risks
Solid waste management: Control measures of urban and industrial waste
Pollution case studies.
Unit VI
Environmental Policies & Practices
Climate change, global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rain and impacts on
human communities and agriculture
Environment Laws: Environment Protection Act, Air (Prevention & Control of
Pollution) Act; Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act; Wildlife Protection
Act; Forest Conservation Act. International agreements: Montreal and Kyoto
protocols and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Nature reserves, tribal populations and rights, and human Wildlife conflicts in Indian
context.
Unit VII
Human Communities and the Environment
Human population growth, impacts on environment, human health and welfare.
Resettlement and rehabilitation of projects affected persons; case studies.
Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
Environmental movements : Chipko, Silent Valley, Bishnois of Rajasthan.
Environmental ethics : Role of Indian and other religions and cultures in
environmental conservation.
Environmental communication and public awareness, case studies(e.g. CNG Vehicles
in Delhi)
Unit VIII
Field Work
Visit to an area to document environmental assets: river / forest/ flora/ fauna etc.
Visit to a local polluted site – Urban / Rural/ Industrial/ Agricultural.
Study of common plants, insects, birds and basic principles of identification.
Study of simple ecosystem- pond, river, Delhi Ridge etc.
A toggle box content area
Unit I
GOAL SETTING (UNICEF)
Unit II
INTEGRITY
Unit III
COPING WITH EMOTIONS
Unit IV
Language Competency Sentences
4.1 Simple Sentences
4.2 Compound Sentences
4.3 Complex Sentences
Direct and Indirect Speech
Unit V
Unit I
Thermodynamics I
Terminology – Intensive, extensive variables, state, path functions; isolated, closed and open systems; isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric, cyclic, reversible and irreversible processes; First law of thermodynamics – Concept and significance of heat (q), work (w), internal energy (E), enthalpy (H); calculations of q, w, E and H for reversible, irreversible expansion of ideal and real gases under isothermal and adiabatic conditions; relation between heat capacities (Cp & Cv); Joule Thomson effect- inversion temperature.
Thermochemistry – heats of reactions, standard states; types of heats of reactions and their applications; effect of temperature (Kirchhoff’s equations) and pressure on enthalpy of reactions; Hess’s law and its applications; determination of bond energy; Measurement of heat of reaction – determination of calorific value of food and fuels Zeroth law of thermodynamics-Absolute Temperature scale.
Unit II
Thermodynamics II
Second Law of thermodynamics – Limitations of first law, spontaneity and randomness; Carnot’s cycle; Concept of entropy, entropy change for reversible and irreversible processes, entropy of mixing, calculation of entropy changes of an ideal gas and a van der Waals gas with changes in
temperature, volume and pressure, entropy and disorder.
Free energy and work functions – Need for free energy functions, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free energy – their variation with temperature, pressure and volume, criteria for spontaneity; Gibbs-Helmholtz equation – derivations and applications; Maxwell relationships, thermodynamic
equations of state; Thermodynamics of mixing of ideal gases, Ellingham Diagram-application.
Third law of thermodynamics – Nernst heat theorem; Applications of third law – evaluation of absolute entropies from heat capacity measurements, exceptions to third law.
Unit III
General Characteristics of d-block elements
Transition Elements– Electronic configuration – General periodic trend variable valency, oxidation states, stability of oxidation states, colour, magnetic properties, catalytic properties and tendency to form complexes. Comparative study of transition elements and nontransition elements – comparison of II and III transition series with I transition series. Group study of Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel and Zinc groups
Unit IV
Ethers, Thio ethers and Epoxides
Nomenclature, isomerism, general methods of preparations, reactions involving cleavage of C-O linkages, alkyl group and ethereal oxygen. Zeisel’s method of estimation of methoxy group. Reactions of epoxides with alcohols, ammonia derivatives and LiAH4 Thioethers – nomenclature, structure, preparation, properties and uses.
Aldehydes and Ketones
Nomenclature, structure and reactivity of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones; general methods of preparation and physical properties. Nucleophilic addition reactions, base catalysed reactions with mechanism- Aldol, Cannizzaro’s reaction, Perkin reaction, Benzoin condensation, Haloform reaction, Knoevenagel reaction. Oxidation of aldehydes. Baeyer – Villiger oxidation of ketones. Reduction: Clemmensen reduction, Wolf – Kishner reduction, Meerwein – Pondorf Verley reduction, reduction with LiAlH4 and NaBH4.
Addition reactions of unsaturated carbonyl compounds: Michael addition.
Unit V
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, structure, preparation and reactions of aliphatic and aromatic monocarboxylic acids. Physical properties, acidic nature, effect of substituent on acidic strength. HVZ reaction, Claisen ester condensation, Bouveault Blanc reduction, decarboxylation, Hunsdiecker reaction. Formic acid-reducing property. Reactions of dicarboxylic acids, hydroxy acids and unsaturated acids.
Carboxylic acid Derivatives: Preparations of aliphatic and aromatic acid chlorides, esters, amides and anhydrides. Nucleophilic substitution reaction at the acyl carbon of acyl halide, anhydride, ester, amide. Schotten – Baumann reaction. Claisen condensation, Dieckmann and Reformatsky reactions, Hofmann bromamide degradation and Curtius rearrangement.
Active methylene compounds: Keto – enol tautomerism. Preparation and synthetic applications of diethyl malonate and ethyl acetoacetate
Halogen substituted acids – nomenclature; preparation by direct halogenation, iodination from unsaturated acids, alkyl malonic acids, hydroxyl acids
Kinetics
1. Determination of rate constant of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester
(Methyl acetate).
2.Polarimetry: Determination of rate constant of acid catalyzed inversion of
cane sugar (not for the examination)
Chemical equlibrium
3. Partition coefficient and equilibrium constant of KI + I2—-KI3
Thermodynamics
1. Transition temperature
2. CST phenol-water system
Electrochemistry
1. Determination of cell constant and molar conductance of a strong
electrolyte
2. Determination of strength of HCl by conductometric Titration
Colorimetry
3. Determination of concentration of copper sulphate (not for the
examination)
Colligative property
9. Determination of molecular weight of an organic compound by Rast
method using naphthalene or diphenyl as solvent
Unit I
OPTICS: interference – interference in thin films –colors of thin films – air wedge –determination of diameter of a thin wire by air wedge – diffraction – diffraction of light vs sound – normal incidence – experimental determination of wavelength using diffraction grating (no theory) – polarization – polarization by double reflection – Brewster’s law – optical activity – application in sugar industries
Unit II
ATOMIC PHYSICS: atom models – Bohr atom model – mass number – atomic number – nucleons – vector atom model – various quantum numbers – Pauli’s exclusion principle – electronic configuration – periodic classification of elements – Bohr magneton – Stark effect –Zeeman effect (elementary ideas only) – photo electric effect – Einstein’s photoelectric equation –
applications of photoelectric effect: solar cells, solar panels, optoelectric devices
Unit III
NUCLEAR PHYSICS: nuclear models – liquid drop model – magic numbers – shell model – nuclear energy – mass defect – binding energy – radioactivity – uses – half life – mean life – radio
isotopes and uses –controlled and uncontrolled chain reaction – nuclear fission – energy released in fission – chain reaction – critical reaction – critical size- atom bomb – nuclear reactor –
breeder reactor – importance of commissioning PFBR in our country – heavy water disposal, safety of reactors: seismic and floods –introduction to DAE, IAEA – nuclear fusion – thermonuclear reactions – differences between fission and fusion.
Unit IV
INTRODUCTION TO RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL WAVES:frame of reference – postulates of special theory of relativity – Galilean transformation equations – Lorentz transformation equations – derivation – length contraction – time dilation – twin paradox – mass-energy equivalence –introduction on gravitational waves, LIGO, ICTS opportunities at International Centre for Theoretical Sciences
Unit V
SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS: p-n junction diode – forward and reverse biasing – characteristic of diode – zener diode – characteristic of zener diode – voltage regulator – full wave bridge rectifier – construction and working – advantages (no mathematical
treatment) – USB cell phone charger –introduction to e-vehicles and EV charging stations
Unit VI
PROFESSIONAL COMPONENTS: Expert lectures –seminars – webinars – industry inputs – social accountability – patriotism
Unit I
Introduction to Environmental Studies
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies;
Scope and importance; concept of sustainability and sustainable development.
Unit II
Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem? Structure and function of ecosystem; Energy flow in an
ecosystem:
Food chains, food webs and ecological succession, Case studies of the following
ecosystem:
a) Forest ecosystem
b) Grassland ecosystem
c) Desert ecosystem
d) Aquatic ecosystem (ponds, stream, lakes, rivers, ocean, estuaries)
Unit III
Natural Resources : Renewable and Non – renewable Resources
Land resources and land use change: Land degradation, soil erosion and desertification.
Deforestation : Causes and impacts due to mining, dam building on environment,
forests, biodiversity and tribal populations.
Water : Use and over – exploitation of surface and ground water, floods, droughts,
conflicts over water ( international and inter-state).
Energy resources : Renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate
energy sources, growing energy needs, case studies.
Unit IV
Biodiversity and Conservation
Levels of biological diversity: genetics, species and ecosystem diversity,
Biogeographic zones of India: Biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hot spots
India as a mega- biodiversity nation, Endangered and endemic species of India.
Threats to biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man- wildlife conflicts,
biological invasions; Conservations of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation
of biodiversity.
Ecosystem and biodiversity services: Ecological, economic, social, ethical, aesthetic
and Informational value.
Unit V
Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution: types, causes, effects and controls: Air, Water, soil and noise
Pollution.
Nuclear hazards and human health risks
Solid waste management: Control measures of urban and industrial waste
Pollution case studies.
Unit VI
Environmental Policies & Practices
Climate change, global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rain and impacts on
human communities and agriculture
Environment Laws: Environment Protection Act, Air (Prevention & Control of
Pollution) Act; Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act; Wildlife Protection
Act; Forest Conservation Act. International agreements: Montreal and Kyoto
protocols and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Nature reserves, tribal populations and rights, and human Wildlife conflicts in Indian
context.
Unit VII
Human Communities and the Environment
Human population growth, impacts on environment, human health and welfare.
Resettlement and rehabilitation of projects affected persons; case studies.
Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
Environmental movements : Chipko, Silent Valley, Bishnois of Rajasthan.
Environmental ethics : Role of Indian and other religions and cultures in
environmental conservation.
Environmental communication and public awareness, case studies(e.g. CNG Vehicles
in Delhi)
Unit VIII
Field Work
Visit to an area to document environmental assets: river / forest/ flora/ fauna etc.
Visit to a local polluted site – Urban / Rural/ Industrial/ Agricultural.
Study of common plants, insects, birds and basic principles of identification.
Study of simple ecosystem- pond, river, Delhi Ridge etc.
Unit I
Value education-its purpose and significance in the present world – Value system – The role
of culture and civilization – Holistic living – balancing the outer and inner – Body, Mind
and Intellectual level – Duties and responsibilities.
Unit II
Salient values for life – Truth, commitment, honesty and integrity, forgiveness and love,
empathy and ability to sacrifice, care, unity, and inclusiveness, Self esteem and self
confidence, punctuality – Time, task and resource management – Problem solving and
decision making skills – Interpersonal and Intra personal relationship – Team work –
Positive and creative thinking.
Unit III
Human Rights – Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Human Rights violations –
National Integration – Peace and non-violence – Dr.A P J Kalam’s ten points for
enlightened citizenship – Social Values and Welfare of the citizen – The role of media in
value building.
Unit IV
Environment and Ecological balance – interdependence of all beings – living and non-living.
The binding of man and nature – Environment conservation and enrichment.
Unit V
Social Evils – Corruption, Cyber crime, Terrorism – Alcoholism, Drug addiction – Dowry –
Domestic violence – untouchability – female infanticide – atrocities against women – How
to tackle them.
Unit I
Stereochemistry
Fischer Projection, Newmann and Sawhorse Projection formulae and their inter conversions;
Geometrical isomerism: cis–trans, syn-anti isomerism, E/Z notations.
Optical Isomerism: Optical activity, specific rotation, asymmetry, enantiomers, distereo isomers, meso structures – molecules with one and two chiral centres, racemisation- methods of racemisation; resolutionmethods of resolution. C.I.P rules. R and S notations for one and two
chirality (stereogenic) centres.
Molecules with no asymmetric carbon atoms – allenes and biphenyls. Conformational analysis of ethane and butane.
Unit II
Chemistry of Nitrogen Compounds – I
Nitroalkanes
Nomenclature, isomerism, preparation from alkyl halides, halo acids, alkanes; physical properties; reactions – reduction, halogenations, Grignard reagent, Pseudo acid character.
Nitro – aci nitro tautomerism.
Aromatic nitro compounds
Nomenclature, preparation – nitration, from diazonium salts, physical properties; reactions – reduction of nitrobenzene in different medium, Electrophilic substitution reactions, TNT.
Amines: Aliphatic amines
Nomenclature, isomerism, preparation – Hofmanns’ degradation reaction, Gabriel’s phthalimide synthesis, Curtius Schmidt rearrangement.
Physical properties, reactions – alkylation, acylation, carbylamine reaction, Mannich reaction,
oxidation, basicity of amines
Unit III
Chemistry of Nitrogen Compounds – II
Aromatic amines – Nomenclature, preparation – from nitro compounds, Hofmann’s method; Schmidt reaction, properties – basic nature, ortho effect; reactions – alkylation, acylation, carbylamine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid, aldehydes, oxidation, Electrophilic substitution
reactions, diazotization and coupling reactions; sulphanilic acid – zwitter ion formation.
Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary amines – aliphatic and aromatic Diazonium compounds
Diazomethane, Benzene diazonium chloride – preparations and synthetic applications.
Dyes
Theory of colour and constitution; classification based on structure and application; preparation –Martius yellow, aniline yellow, methyl orange, alizarin, indigo, malachite green. Industry oriented content Dyes Industry, Food colour and additives
Unit IV
Heterocyclic compounds
Nomenclature and classification. General characteristics – aromatic character and reactivity.
Five-membered heterocyclic compounds
Pyrrole – preparation – from succinimide, Paal Knorr synthesis; reactions – reduction, basic character, acidic character, electrophilic substitution reactions, ring opening.
Furan – preparation from mucic acid and pentosan; reactions – hydrogenation, reaction with oxygen, Diels Alder reactions, formation of thiophene and pyrrole; Electrophilic substitution reaction.
Thiophene synthesis – from acetylene; reactions –reduction; oxidation; electrophilic substitution reactions.
Unit V
Six-membered heterocyclic compounds
Pyridine – synthesis – from acetylene, Physical properties; reactions – basic character, oxidation, reduction, electrophilic substitution reactions; nucleophilic substitution-uses Condensed ring systems
Quinoline – preparation – Skraup synthesis and Friedlander’s synthesis; reactions – basic nature, reduction, oxidation; electrophilic substitutions; nucleophilic substitutions – Chichibabin reaction
Isoquinoline – preparation by the Bischler – Napieralski reaction, reduction, oxidation; electrophilic substitution.
Unit I
Co-ordination Chemistry – I
IUPAC Nomenclature of coordination compounds, Isomerism in coordination compounds.
Werner’s coordination theory – effective atomic number –interpretation of geometry and magnetic properties by Pauling’s theory – geometry of co-ordination compounds with co-ordination number 4 &6.
Chelates – types of ligands forming chelates – stability of chelates, applications of chelates in qualitative and quantitative analysis – application of DMG and oxine in gravimetric analysis –estimation of hardness of water using EDTA, metal ion indicators.
Role of metal chelates in living systems – haemoglobin and chlorophyll
Unit II
Co-ordination Chemistry – II
Crystal field theory –Crystal field splitting of energy levels in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes, Crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE), spectro chemical series – calculation of CFSE in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes – factors influencing the magnitude of crystal field splitting, crystal field effect on ionic radii, lattice energies, heats of ligation with water as a ligand (heat of hydration), interpretation of magnetic properties, spectra of [Ti(H2O)6] 3+ – Jahn – Teller effect. Stability of complexes in aqueous solution, stability constants- factors affecting the stability of a complexion, thermodynamic and kinetic stability (elementary idea). Comparison of VBT and CFT.
Unit III
Organometallic compounds
Metal Carbonyls
Mono and polynuclear carbonyls, General methods of preparation of carbonyls – general properties of binary carbonyls – bonding in carbonyls – structure and bonding in carbonyls of Ni, Fe, Cr, Co, Mn, Ru and Os. EAN rule as applied to metalcarbonyls.
Ferrocene-Methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties
Unit IV
Inner transition elements (Lanthanoids and Actinoids)
General characteristics of f-block elements – Comparative account of lanthanoids and actinoids – Occurrence, Oxidation states, Magnetic properties, Colour and spectra – Lanthanoids and Actinoids, Separation by ion-Exchange and Solvent extraction methods – Lanthanoids contraction- Chemistry of thorium and UraniumOccurrence, Ores, Extraction, properties and uses – Preparation, Properties and uses of ceric ammonium sulphate, thorium dioxide and uranylacetate
Unit V
Inorganic polymers
General properties – classification of inorganic polymers based on element in the backbone (Si, S, B and P) – preparation and properties of silicones (polydimethylsiloxane and polymethylhydrosiloxane) phosphorous based polymer (polyphosphazines and polyphophonitrilic chloride), sulphur based polymer (polysulfide and polymeric sulphur nitride), boron based polymers (borazine polymers) – industrial applications of inorganicpolymers.
Unit I
Thermodynamics – III
Free energy and work functions – Need for free energy functions, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free energy – their variation with temperature, pressure and volume, criteria for spontaneity; Gibbs-Helmholtz equation – derivations and applications; Maxwell relationships, thermodynamic equations of state; Thermodynamics of mixing of ideal gases, Ellingham Diagram-application.
Partial molar properties – chemical potential, Gibbs Duhem equation, variation of chemical potential with temperature and pressure, chemical potential of a system of ideal gases, Gibbs- Duhem-Margules equation.
Unit II
Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction – Average and instantaneous rates, factors influencing rate of reaction – molecularity of a reaction – rate equation – order of reaction. order and molecularity of simple and complex reactions, Rate laws – Rate constants – derivation of rate constants and characteristics for zero, first order, second and third order (equal initial concentration) – Derivation of time for half change with examples. Methods of determination of order of Volumetry, manometry and polarimetry.
Effect of temperature on reaction rate – temperature coefficient – concept of activation energy – Arrhenius equation. Theories of reaction rates – Collision theory – derivation of rate constant of bimolecular gaseous reaction – Failure of collision theory. Lindemann’s theory of unimolecular reaction. Theory of absolute reaction rates – Derivation of rate constant for a bimolecular
reaction – significance of entropy and free energy of activation. Comparison of collision theory and ARRT.
Complex reactions – reversible and parallel reactions (no derivation and only examples) – kinetics of consecutive reactions – steady state approximation
Unit III
Adsorption – Chemical and physical adsorption and their general characteristics- distinction between them Different types of isotherms – Freundlich and Langmuir. Adsorption isotherms and their limitations – BET theory, kinetics of enzyme catalysed reaction –Michaelis- Menten and
Briggs-Haldane Kinetics equation – Lineweaver- Burk plot – inhibition – reversible – competitive, noncompetitive and uncompetitive (no derivation of rate equations)
Catalysis – general characteristics of catalytic reactions, auto catalysis, promoters, negative catalysis, poisoning of a catalyst – theories of homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis – Kinetics of Acid – base and enzyme catalysis. Heterogenous catalysis
Unit IV
Colloids and Surface Chemistry
Colloids: Types of Colloids, Characteristics Colloids (Lyophilic and Lyophobic sols), Preparation of Sols- Dispersion methods, aggregation methods, Properties of Sols- Optical properties, Electrical properties – Electrical double layer, Electro Kinetic properties- Electro-osmosis, Electrophoresis, Coagulation or precipitation, Stability of sols, associated colloids, Emulsions, Gels-preparation of Gels, Applications of colloids
Macromolecules: Molecular weight of Macromolecules-Number average molecular weight- average molecular weight, Determination of Molecular weight of molecules
Unit V
Photochemistry
Laws of photo chemistry – Lambert – Beer, Grotthus – Draper and Stark – Einstein. Quantum efficiency. Photochemical reactions – rate law – Kinetics of H2-Cl2, H2-Br2 and H2-I2 reactions, comparison between thermal and photochemical reactions. Fluorescence – applications including fluorimetry – sensitised fluorescence, phosphorescence – applications – chemiluminescence and photosensitisation – examples Chemistry of Vision – 11 cis retinal – vitamin A as a precursor – colour perception of vision
Course Outline
1. Estimation of lead as Lead chromate
2. Estimation of barium as Barium sulphate
3. Estimation of sulphate as Barium sulphate
4. Estimation of barium as barium chromate
5. Estimation of Nickel as Ni(DMG)2( Not for the examination)
Unit I
Introduction to nanoscience
Definition of terms – nanoscience, nanoparticles, clusters, quantum dots, nanostructures and nanocomposites. Electron behaviour in free space, bulk material and nanomaterials. Synthesis and stabilization of nanomaterials Top-down approach (physical methods), mechanical dispersion – ball milling, methods based on evaporation of a precursor-inert gas condensation, ion sputtering, spray pyrolysis, aerosol synthesis-nanolithography. Bottom–up approach
(chemical methods) – solvothermal synthesis, photochemical method, gamma radiolysis, sonochemical synthesis, electro deposition, sol-gel method, nanomaterials via chemical routes- solvents reducing agents, capping agents-stabilization of nanoparticles -electrostatic and steric
stabilization, common stabilizers, nanoparticle growth in solution, templated growth, Langmuir – Blodgett (L-B) method, reverse micellesemulsion method
Unit II
Properties of materials on a nanoscale
Optical properties of metal and semiconductor nanomaterials- surface Plasmon resonance (SPR), surface enhanced Raman spectra (SERS), quantum confinement effect, tuning of optical spectrum. Magnetic properties – Fe3O4 particle, supra magnetic properties, electronic
properties, Chemical properties – chemical process on the surface of nanoparticles, catalysis, mechanical properties.
Unit III
Techniques employed for characterisation of nanomaterials
Spectroscopy – UV-visible, Photoelectron spectroscopy – Electron microscopy – Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) – Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Optical microscopy – confocal microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) [Principle and
Block diagram only].
Unit IV
Special nanomaterials
Carbon Nano Structures Carbon nanotubes: Introduction – types – zigzag, armchair, helical, synthesis by CVD, Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes, Reactivity of Carbon Nanotubes, Field emission, Fuel Cells, Display devices. Other Important Carbon-based materials: Preparation and Characterization Fullerene, Graphene, properties, DLC and nanodiamonds and Applications
Semiconductor nanoparticles: Quantum dots, synthesis – chemical synthesis using clusters, properties, porous silicon – electrochemical etching, aerogel – types – silica aerogel, resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) aerogels, zeolites –applications. Self-Assembled Nanomaterials: Self Assembled Monolayers (SAMS) – inorganic, organic molecules
Unit V
Application of nanomaterials
Biomedical Applications- drug, drug delivery, biolabelling, artificial implants, cancer treatment. Sensors – Natural nanoscale sensors, chemical sensors, biosensors, electronic noses. Optics & Electronics – Nanomaterials in the next generation computer technology, high-definition TV, flat panel displays, quantum dot laser, single electron transistors [SET]. Nanotechnology in agriculture – Fertilizer and pesticides nanomaterials for water purification, nanomaterials in food and packaging materials, fabric industry. Impacts of Nanotechnology – human & environmental safety risks
Unit I
Survey of Indian Industries and mineral resources in India
Fuels: Classification, characteristics of fuels. Solid fuels: coal – classification; analysis of coal- proximate analysis and ultimate analysis; calorific value-determination, carbonisation of coal.
Liquid fuels: Petroleum – characteristics; Gasoline aviation petrolknocking in internal combustion engines, antiknock agents; unleaded petrol-octane number, cetane number.
Gaseous fuel: advantages over solid and liquid fuels; water gas, producer gas, carburetted water gas – preparations – uses.
Natural gas: LPG-composition, advantages, application; gobar gasproduction, composition, advantages, application. Propellants – rocket fuels (basic idea)
Unit II
Cosmetics
Skin care: powders, ingredients; creams and lotion-cleansing, moisturising, all purpose shaving cream, sunscreen; make up preparations.
Dental care: tooth pastes – ingredients.
Hair care: shampoos-types, ingredients; conditioners-types, ingredients.
Perfumes: natural-plant origin-parts of the plant used, chief constituents; animal origin-amber gries, civetone and musk; synthetic-classificationesters-amylsalicylate alcohols-citronellol; terpeneols-gereniol and nerol; ketones-muskone, coumarin; aldehydes-vanilin.
Soaps and Detergents
Soaps-properties, manufacture of soap-batch process; types-transparent soap, toilet soap, powder soap and liquid soap – ingredients.
Detergents-definition, properties-cleansing action; soapless detergentsanionic, cationic and non-ionic (general idea only); uses of detergents as surfactants. Biodegradability of soaps and detergents.
Unit III
Sugar Industry
Manufacture from sugar cane; recovery of sugar from molasses; testing and estimation ofsugar.
Food Preservation and processing
Food spoilage – causes; Food preservation – methods – high temperature, low temperature, drying, radiation; Food additives – preservatives, flavours, colours, anti-oxidants, sweetening agents; hazards of using food additives; Food standards – Agmark and Codexalimentarius.
Unit IV
Abrasives
Definition, characteristics, types-natural and synthetic; natural abrasives – diamond, corundum, emery, garnet, quartz – composition, uses; synthetic abrasives – carborundum, aluminium carbide, boron carbide, boron nitride, synthetic graphite – composition anduses.
Leather Industry
Structure and composition of skin, hide; Manufacture of leather – pretanning process – curing, liming, beating, pickling; methods of tanningvegetable, chrome – one bath, two bath process; finishing.
Paper Industry
Manufacture of pulp – mechanical, chemical processes; sulphate pulp, rag pulp; manufacture of paper- beating, refining, filling, sizing, colouring, calendaring; cardboard.
Unit V
Lubricants Definition, classification-liquid, semi-solid, solid and synthetic; properties-viscosity index, flash point, cloud point, pour point, aniline point and drop point; greases-properties, types; cutting fluids, selection of lubricants.
Cement Industry
Cement – types, raw materials; manufacture-wet process, constituent of cement, setting of cement; properties of cement-quality, setting time, soundness, strength; mortar, concrete, RCC; curing and decay of concrete.
Intellectual Property Rights
Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights – Patents – Factors for patentability – Novelty, Non obviousness, Industrial applications – Patent offices in India: Trademark – Types of trademarks Certification marks, logos, brand names, signatures, symbols and service marks.
(OR)
Unit I
Introduction
Important terminologies – drug, pharmacognosy, pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical pharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, chemotherapy, toxicology,
pharmacophore, antimetabolites, mutation, bacteria, virus, fungi, actinomycetes, vaccines, pharmacopeia, posology and therapeutic index.
Sources of drugs – dosage forms – bio availability – routes of administration – absorption, distribution and elimination of drugs – drug metabolism – prescription terms.
Structure and pharmacological activity
Effect of – unsaturation, chain length, isomerism; groups – halogens amino, nitro, nitrite, cyano, acidic, aldehydic, keto, hydroxyl and alkyl groups.
Development of Drugs
Development of a drug – classic steps- lead compounds- comparison of traditional and modern methods of development of drugs – drug design by method of variation – disjunction and conjunction methods.
Unit II
Indian medicinal plants
Some important Indian medicinal plants – tulsi, neem, kizhanelli, mango, semparuthi, adadodai, turmeric and thoothuvalai –uses.
Common diseases and their treatment
Causes, prevention and treatment of the following diseases: Insect borne diseases– malaria, filariasis, plague; Air borne diseases– diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza, measles, mumps, common cold, tuberculosis; Water borne diseases – cholera, typhoid , dysentery. Digestive system – jaundice; Respiratory system – asthma; Nervous system – epilepsy.
Antibiotics
Definition – classification – structure and therapeutic uses of chloramphenicol, penicillin’s , structure activity relationship of chloramphenicol ; therapeutic uses of ampicillin, streptomycin,
erythromycin, tetracycline, rifamycin.
Unit III
Drugs for major diseases
Cancer – common causes – chemotherapy – anti neoplastic agents – classification –adverse effects of cytotoxic agents ; alkylating agents – chlorambucil ; anti metabolites – methotrexate, fluouracil; Vinca alkaloids–vincristine, vinblastine. Diabetes–types – management of diabetes – insulin ; oral hypoglycemic agents – sulphonyl ureas – chlorpropamide ; biguanides – metformin –
thiazolidinediones .Cardiovascular drugs– cardio glycosides ; anti arrhythmic agents – quinidine, propranolol hydrochloride ; antihypertensive drugs – Aldomet, pentoliniumtartarate; vasodilatortolazoline hydrochloride, sodium nitroprusside. AIDS –causes, symptoms and prevention – anti HIV drugs – AZT, DDC.
Unit IV
Analgesics and antipyretic agents
Classification – action of analgesics – narcotic analgesics –morphine; synthetic analgesics – pethidine, methadone; antipyretic analgesics – salicylic acid derivatives, indolyl derivatives, p-aminophenol derivatives.
Anaesthetics
Definition, characteristics, classification – general anaesthetics – volatile anaesthetics – nitrous oxide, ethers, cyclopropane, chloroform, halothane, trichloro ethylene– storage, advantages and disadvantages ; non volatile anaesthetics – thiopental sodium ; local anaesthetics – requisites –
advantages- esters – cocaine, benzocaine ; amides – lignocaine, cinchocaine.
Blood and haemotological agents
Blood– composition, grouping – physiological functions of plasma proteins – mechanism of clotting; Coagulants – vitamin K, protamine sulphate, dry thrombin; Anti coagulants – coumarins, citric acid and heparin; antifibrinolytic agents – aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid. Anaemia– causes, types and control – anti anaemic drugs.
Unit V
Clinical Chemistry
Blood tests – blood count – complete haemotogram – Hb, RBC, GTT, TC, DC, platelets, PCV, ESR; bleeding and clotting time –- glucose tolerance test.
Significance of Clinical Tests
Serum electrolytes – blood Glucose – ortho toluidine method; Renal functions tests – blood urea, creatinine; liver function tests – serum proteins, albumin globulin ratio, serum bilirubin, enzymes SGOT, SGPT; lipid profile – cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, coronary risk index.
Urine examination – pH, tests for glucose, albumin and bile pigment
Unit I
Alkaloids
Classification, isolation, general properties- Hofmann Exhaustive Methylation; Structure elucidation – Coniine, piperine, nicotine.
Terpenes: Classification, Isoprene rule, isolation and structural elucidation of Citral, alpha terpineol, Menthol, Geraniol and Camphor.
Unit II
Carbohydrates
Definition and Classification of Carbohydrates with examples. Relative configuration of sugars. Determination of configuration (Fischer’s Proof). Definition of enantiomers, diastereomers, epimers and anomers with suitable examples.
Monosaccharides– configuration – D and L hexoses – aldohexoses and ketohexoses.
Glucose, Fructose – Occurrence, preparation, properties, reactions, structural elucidation, uses.
Interconversions of sugar series – ascending, descending, aldose to ketose and ketose to aldose.
Disaccharides – sucrose, lactose, maltose – preparation, properties and uses (no structural elucidation).
Polysaccharides – Source, constituents and biological importance of homopolysaccharides- starch and cellulose, heteropolysaccharides – hyaluronic acid, heparin.
Unit III
Molecular rearrangements:
Molecular Rearrangement: Type of rearrangements, Mechanism for Benzidine, Favorskii, Claisen, Fries, Hofmann, Curtius, Schmidt and Beckmann, Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement
Organometallic compounds in Organic Synthesis
Preparation, Properties and applications: Grignard Reagents, Organo Lithium Compounds, Ziegler – Natta, Wilkinson, Metal Carbonyl, Zeiss’s Salt
Unit IV
Green Chemistry: Principles, chemistry behind each principle and applications in chemical synthesis. Green reaction media – green solvents, green reagents and catalysts; tools used like microwave and ultra-sound in chemical synthesis.
Unit I
Bioinorganic Chemistry
Essential and trace elements: Role of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ in biological systems. Effect of excess intake (Toxicity) of Metal ions – trace elements – As, Cd, Pb, Hg.
Unit II
Metal ion transport and storage
Iron – storage, transport – Transferrin and Ferretin; Iron-porphyrins – myoglobin, haemoglobin – oxygen transport – Bohr effect; Sodium/potassium pump, calcium pump; transport and storage – copper and zinc.
Unit III
Metallo enzymes
Isomerase and synthetases, structure of cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12), nature of Co-C bond; Metalloenzymes – functions of carboxy peptidase A, zinc metalloenzyme – mechanism and uses, Zn-Cu enzyme – structure and function, carbonic anhydrase, Vitamin B-12 as transferase and isomerase – Iron-sulphur proteins – 2Fe-2S – rubredoxin, 4Fe-2S – ferridoxin, Iron
sulphur clusterenzymes. Invivo and Invitro nitrogen fixation – biological functions of nitrogenase and molybdo enzymes.
Unit IV
Silicates
Introduction – general properties of silicates, structure – types of silicates – ortho silicates(zircon), pyrosilicates (thortveitite), chain silicates(pyroxenes), ring silicates(beryl), sheet silicates (talc, mica, asbestos), silicates having three dimensional structure (feldspars, zeolites,
ultramarines)
Unit V
Industrial Applications of Inorganic Compounds
Refractories, pyrochemical, explosives. Alloys, Paints and pigments – requirements of a good paint; classification, constituents of paints – pigments, vehicles, thinners, driers, extenders, anti-knocking agents, antiskinning agents, plasticizers, binders-application; varnishes- oils, spirit; enamels. Nanocomposite Hydrogels: synthesis, characterization and uses.
Unit I
Phase rule
Definition of terms; derivation of phase rule ; application to one component systems – water and sulphur – super cooling, sublimation ; two component systems – solid liquid equilibria- simple eutectic (lead – silver and bismuth – cadmium), freezing mixtures (potassium iodide- water),
compound formation with- congruent melting points (magnesium – zinc and ferric chloride – water system), peritectic change (sodium potassium), solid solution(gold-silver); copper sulphate-water system
Unit II
Chemical equilibrium
Law of mass action – thermodynamic derivation – relationship between Kpand Kc –application to the homogeneous equilibria – dissociation of PCl5 gas,N2O4 gas – equilibrium constant and degree of dissociation – formation of HI, NH3 ,and SO3 –heterogeneous equilibrium – decomposition of solid calcium carbonate –Lechatelier principle – van’t Hoff reaction isotherm – temperature dependence of equilibrium constant – Van’t Hoff reaction isochore – Clapeyron equation – Clausius Clapeyron Equation and its applications
Unit III
Binary liquid mixtures
Ideal liquid mixtures – non ideal solutions – azeotropic mixtures – fractional distillation – partially miscible mixtures – phenol-water, triethylamine-water, nicotine-water – effect of impurities on critical solution temperature; immiscible liquids- steam distillation; Nernst
distribution law – applications.
Unit IV
Electrical Conductance and Transference
Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation – Ostwald’s dilution law, limitations of Arrhenius theory; behavior of strong electrolytes– interionic effects – Debye Huckel theory –Onsager equation (no derivation), significance of Onsager equation, Debye Falkenhagen effect, Wien effect. Ionic mobility – Discharge of ions on electrolysis (Hittorf’s theoretical device), transport number –determination – Hittorf’s method, moving boundary method – factors affecting transport number – determination of ionic mobility; Kohlrausch’s lawapplications; molar ionic conductance and viscosity (Walden’s rule); applications of conductance measurements – determination of – degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte, dissociation constant of weak acid and weak base, ionic product of water, solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – conductometric titrations – acid base titrations.
Unit V
Galvanic Cells and Applications
Galvanic cell, representation, reversible and irreversible cells, EMF and its measurement – standard cell; relationship between electrical energy and chemical energy; sign of EMF and spontaneity of a reaction, thermodynamics and EMF – calculation of ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS from EMF
data; reversible electrodes, electrode potential, standard electrode potential, primary and secondary reference electrodes, Nernst equation for electrode potential and cell EMF; types of electrodes – metal/metal ion, metal amalgam/metal ion, metal, insoluble salt/anion, gas electrode, redox electrode; electrochemical series – applications of electrochemical series. Chemical cells with and without transport, concentration cells with and without transport;
Applications of EMF measurements
applications of EMF measurements – determination of activity coefficient of electrolytes, transport number, valency of ions, solubility product, pH using hydrogen gas electrode, quinhydrone electrode and glass electrode, potentiometric titrations – acid base titrations, redox titrations, precipitation titrations, ionic product of water and degree of hydrolysis; redox indicators – use of diphenylamine indicator in the titration of ferrous iron against dichromate.
Unit I
Electrical and Magnetic properties of molecules
Dipole moment – polar and nonpolar molecules – polarisability of molecules. Application of dipole moments in the study of organic and inorganic molecules. Magnetic permeability, volume susceptibility, mass susceptibility and molar susceptibility; diamagnetism, paramagnetism – determination of magnetic susceptibility using Guoy balance, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism
Microwave spectroscopy
Rotation spectra – diatomic molecules (rigid rotator approximation) selection rules – determination of bond length, effect of isotopic substitution – instrumentation and applications
Unit II
Ultraviolet and Visible spectroscopy
Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules (Born Oppenheimer approximation) – vibrational coarse structure – rotational fine structure of electronic vibration transitions – Frank Condon principle – dissociation in electronic transitions – BirgeSponer method of evaluation of dissociation energy – pre-dissociation transition – σ -σ *, π-π*, n-σ*, nπ*transitions. Applications of UV-Woodward – Fieser rules as applied to conjugated dienes and α, β – unsaturated ketones. Elementary Problems.
Colorimetry – principle and applications (estimation of Fe3+)
Unit III
Infrared spectroscopy
Vibration spectra –diatomic molecules – harmonic oscillator and anharmonic oscillator; Vibration – rotation spectra – diatomic molecule as rigid rotator and anharmonic oscillator (Born-Oppenheimer approximation oscillator) – selection rules, vibrations of polyatomic
molecules – stretching and bending vibrations – applications – determination of force constant, moment of inertia and internuclear distance – isotopic shift – application of IR spectra to simple organic and inorganic molecules – (group frequencies)
Raman Spectroscopy
Rayleigh scattering and Raman scattering of light – Raman shift – classical theory of Raman effect – quantum theory of Raman effect – Vibrational Raman spectrum – selection rules – mutual exclusion principle – instrumentation (block diagram) – applications.
Unit IV
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy:
PMR – theory of PMR – instrumentation – number of signals – chemical shift – peak areas and proton counting – spin-spin coupling – applications. Problems related to shielding and deshielding of protons, chemical shifts of protons in hydrocarbons, and in simple monofunctional organic compounds; spin-spin splitting of neighboring protons in vinyl and allyl systems.
Unit V
Mass spectrometry
Principle – different kinds of ionisation – instrumentation – the mass spectrum – types of ions – determination of molecular formulafragmentation and structural elucidation – McLafferty rearrangement; Retro Diels Alder reaction – illustrations with simple organic molecules. Solving structure elucidation problems using multiple spectroscopic data (NMR, MS, IR and UV-Vis).
Unit I
Logic of Living Organisms
Relationship of Biochemistry and Medicine Blood – Composition of Blood, Blood Coagulation – Mechanism. Hemophilia and Sickle Cell Anaemia Maintenance of pH of Blood – Bicarbonate Buffer, Acidosis, Alkalosis
Unit II
Peptides and Proteins
Amino acids – nomenclature, classification – essential and Nonessential; Synthesis – Gabriel Phthalimide, Strecker; properties – zwitter ion and isoelectric point, electrophoresis and reactions.
Peptides – peptide bond – nomenclature – synthesis of simple peptides – solution and solid phase. Determination of structure of peptides, Nterminal analysis – Sanger’s & Edmann method; C terminal analysis – Enzymic method.
Proteins – classification based on composition, functions and structure; properties and reactions – colloidal nature, coagulation, hydrolysis, oxidation, denaturation, renaturation; colour tests for proteins; structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Metabolism of Amino acids – general aspects of metabolism (a brief outline); urea cycle.
Unit III
Enzymes and Vitamins
Nomenclature and classification, characteristics, factors influencing enzyme activity – mechanism of enzyme action – Lock and key hypothesis, Koshland’s induced fit model. Proenzymes, antienzymes, coenzymes and isoenzymes; allosteric enzyme regulation. Vitamins as coenzymes – functions of TPP, lipoic acid, NAD, NADP, FMN, FAD, pyridoxal phosphate, CoA, folic acid, biotin, cyanocobalamin.
Unit IV
Amino acids
Components of nucleic acids – nitrogenous bases and pentose sugars, structure of nucleosides and nucleotides, DNA- structure & functions; RNA –types– structure – functions; biosynthesis of proteins
Hormones
Adrenalin and thyroxine –– chemistry, structure and functions (No structure elucidation).
Unit V
Lipids
Occurrence, biological significance of fats, classification of lipids. Simple lipids – Oils and fats, chemical composition, properties, reactions – hydrolysis, hydrogenation, trans-esterification, saponification, rancidity; analysis of oils and fats – saponification number, iodine number, acid value, R.M. value. Distinction between animal and vegetable fats.
Compound lipids – Lipoproteins – VLDL, LDL, HDL, chylomicrons
– biological significance. Cholesterol – occurrence, structure, test, physiological activity. Metabolism of lipids: β-oxidation of fatty acids.
(OR)
Unit I
Introduction
Difference between polymer and macromolecule – classification– synthetic and natural, organic and inorganic, thermoplastic and thermosetting. Plastics, elastomers, fibres and liquid resins.
Techniques of polymerization
Bulk, solution, emulsion and suspension polymerization
Unit II
Kinetics of polymerization
Kinetics of condensation and addition polymerisation; ionic, free radical, copolymerisation and coordination polymerisation – reactivity ratios – block and graft copolymers.
Characterisation of polymers
Appearance, feel and hardness, density, effect of heat, solubility, combustion, tensile strength, shear, stress, impact strength, mechanical, thermomechanical and rheological properties of polymers in viscoelastic state.
Unit III
Molecular Weight and Properties of Polymers
Molecular Weight of Polymers-Number Average and Weight Average, Molecular Weight Distribution, Determination of Molecular Weight polydispersity index – membrane and vapour phase osmometry, light scattering – Zimm plot, ultracentrifuge – sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium – viscometry – gel permeation chromatography Thermal properties of polymers – Glass Transition Temperature-State of Aggregation and State of Phase Transitions, Factors influencing Glass Transition Temperature, Importance of Glass Transition Temperature, Heat Distortion Temperature, TGA / DTA, Crystallinity of Polymers: Crystalline Behaviour, Degree of Crystallinity
Unit IV
Reactions of Polymers-Hydrolysis, Acidolysis, Aminolysis, Addition and Substitution Reactions (One Example Each) Cyclisation, Cross-Linking and Reactions of Specific Functional Groups
in the Polymer
Polymer technology
Processing of polymers – casting, thermoforming, moulding – extrusion, compression, blow moulding – foaming, lamination, reinforcing – processing of fibres – melt, wet and dry spinning.
Unit V
Speciality polymers
Polyelectrolytes, conducting polymers, polymeric supports for solid phase synthesis, biomedical polymers, liquid crystalline polymers, electroluminescent polymers – two examples of each of these polymers. Polyethylene, PVC, PMMA, polyester; rubber – synthetic and natural, vulcanisation of rubber.
Polymer Degradation
Types of Degradation – Thermal, Mechanical, Ultra Sound, Photo